The key thing is that a way-up structure must be display some difference between its top and its bottom. So what are these geopetal tools, exactly? Without the way-up indicators, we would have been fooled. Therefore, the exposed layers are part of a larger-scale fold, and the upper (upright) portion of that fold has been removed by the forces of erosion. However, way-up structures in these three units point downward as the “up” or younging direction. Given superposition alone, we would assume the lowest one is oldest, and the uppermost one is youngest.
Submarine cartoon you were wrong to root series#
They are folded into what appears to be a series of anticlines and synclines. Three layers are shown in outcrop at Earth’s surface, color-coded green, blue, and yellow. Consider this example: Geopetal structures that point in the paleo-“up” direction (red arrows) are of critical value in deciphering the story told by a sequence of strata. The welter of terminology shouldn’t turn us off: it’s an indication that geologists put a strong emphasis on finding and relying on way-up structures. (This is the same as paleo-“up” or “facing direction.”) The help us determine “younging direction,” the direction in which strata get younger. Way-up indicators are critical for figuring out the correct sequence of geologic units. We call these patterns that look different right-side-up compared to up-side-down by the general term “ way-up structures.” Some geologists also call them “geopetal structures.” In such situations, we need reliable tools in order to accurately interpret which direction was “up” when the rock originally formed. Way-up (or “geopetal”) structures allow us to tell the two apart. If the beds are up-side-down in such a tectonic inversion, it could really throw off the interpretations of the Historical Geologist: they would be reading Earth history backward! A tight, recumbent fold in the Sierra de Juarez, Mexico, shows both upright and up-side-down bedding. The older event can influence the more recent event, but not the other way around.Įven more extreme is when compressive stresses associated with convergent plate tectonic settings manage to fold beds into up-side-down positions. Did an ice age cause the extinction? Or did the extinction somehow trigger the ice age? In order to pose intelligent questions about causality, you need to know which one is older. In another layer, you find evidence of glaciation. In one layer, you find evidence of a mass extinction event. An exciting outcrop: but in order to interpret it correctly, we need to know which strata are older, and which are younger.Ĭonsider the hypothetical example illustrated in the image at right: you discover a vertical sequence of strata. If layered rocks have experienced mountain building, they may be rotated from their original horizontal positions into vertical orientations, potentially confusing geologists, since the principle of superposition no longer applies. For starters, there’s a snippet of the CGI Beatles, who wouldn’t look out of place abducting children on Christmas Eve with Tom Hanks.With rocks, the answer is not always clear.
Since then, some of the tests and concept art for the film have surfaced online, and they’re truly the stuff of Liverpudlian nightmares. The project was eventually scrapped, partly due to America’s indifference to Disney’s “Playstation 3 cutscene” take on Charles Dickens’ holiday classic. Back in 2009, it was reported that Zemeckis was set to remake the animated classic, using the same CGI, motion-capture technique he employed in movies like The Polar Express, Beowulf, and A Christmas Carol. Just missing out on this trend was Robert Zemeckis’ canceled Yellow Submarine remake. There was Yesterday, about a dude who somehow wipes the band from existence, the upcoming Midas Man about their manager, Brian Epstein, and of course Get Back, the new Hobbit-sized docuseries from director Peter Jackson, featuring never-before-seen, soon-to-be-iconic Beatle moments such as Paul writing “Get Back,” George quitting the band, and most memorably, Ringo cutting the cheese. It seems like The Beatles are popping up in movies a lot these days.
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